Objectives: The study was designed to examine explicit memory bias in trait-anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder. Method: Memory bias was examined in three groups of subjects: low-trait anxious (20 subjects), high-trait anxious (20 subjects) and obsessive- compulsive patients (20 subjects) in whom danger schemata were activated after they were exposed to threat- related material. The trait-anxious subjects were selected from among university students through a Spielberger Test. The obsessive-compulsive patients were identified by psychiatrists or clinical psychologists on the basis of DSM- IV criteria. All subjects were tested on explicit memory, and the data was analysed through analysis of variance. Findings: The high trait anxious group demonstrated explicit memory bias against threatening adjectives, whereas the obsessive-compulsive subjects demonstrated explicit memory bias against obsessive threatening adjectives. Results: The results demonstrated that both the obsessive- compulsive patients and the high trait-anxious subjects are biased against threat-related material.

Objective: The aim of current research was to assess implicit and explicit memory bias to drug related stimuli in opiate Dependent, abstinent and normal Individuals.Method: Three groups including opiate Dependent, abstinent and normal Individuals (n=25) were selected by available sampling method. After matching on the base of age, education level and type of substance use all participants assessed by recognition task (explicit memory bias) and stem completion task (implicit memory bias).Results: The analysis of data showed that opiate dependent and abstinent groups in comparison with normal individual had implicit memory bias, whereas in explicit memory only opiate dependent individuals showed bias.Conclusion: The identification of explicit and implicit memory governing addiction may have practical implications in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of substance abuse.

The present paper discusses implicit memory (compared to explicit memory) as a new phenomenon in memory research. First, ideas about implicit memory are considered very briefly from historical point of view. Then, as in recent studies, two lines of research are discussed; i.e., subliminal stimuli and repetition priming studies. These studies, especially priming studies, show that explicit memory are affected differently by various variables. While explicit memory tests are affected by the levels-of-processing and the interval between encoding and retrieval stages (forgetting effect), implicit memory tests are not affected. On the other hand, while implicit memory tests are sensitive to modality and mood changes, manipulated both at encoding and at retrieval, memory tests are unaffected. The findings related to amnesic patients are impaired with respect to explicit memory and are intact with respect to implicit memory.There are two theoretical explanations for this double dissociation between explicit and implicit memory. The processing view suggests that there is a single and integrated memory system and the discrepancy between explicit and implicit memory are explained the different natures of relation between encoding and retrieval processes or procedures. The multiple memory systems view, which is more promising and supported by empirical evidence, claims that each of these two types of memory is supported by an independent and separate system(s). Although these systems interact with each other, they follow different rules, however.

Explicit memory for threat and non-threat stimuli was examined in Iranian adolescents aged between 11 to 18 years. Clinically anxious (n=29), subclinically anxious (n=27), and normal controls (n=29) were matched for age, gender and academic performance. Participants asked to encode the stimuli words including threat, depression, positive and neutral words, presented on a screen one after another. Content-specificity hypothesis predicts anxious individuals should show a memory bias favoring anxiety information. However, Williams et al's theory does not predict such a bias. The present study conducted to examine the two different theories.In sum, the results support the Williams et al's theory. Although, anxious patients compared to the sub-clinically anxious individuals, show a memory bias towards threat words. The difference between the two anxious groups and theoretical implications with regard 10the two theories are discussed.

Introduction: Today, drug abuse as a multifaceted phenomenon has become one of the main problems in societies and has taken different forms. Aim: The present study aims to examine the relationship between the duration and the rate of drug use and explicit/ implicit memory bias among opium and stimulant addicts. Method: The study design was a casual-comparative study. The statistical population included all opium and stimulant addicts in Takab city in 2018, that 30 opium addicts and 30 stimulant (methamphetamine) addicts were selected by available sampling and were homogenized in terms of some demographic variables. The research instruments included a computerized explicit memory, a computerized word base completion test, an unstructured clinical interview, and a demographic information questionnaire. Statistical data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test and SPSS-17 software. Results: The results showed that there is a relationship between the drug use duration and explicit/ implicit memory bias in opium (r=+0. 68) and stimulant addicts (r=+0. 79) and also between rate of drug use and explicit/ implicit memory bias in opium (r=+0. 73) and stimulant addicts (r=+0. 81, P<0. 05). In other words, with an increase in the duration and rate of drug use, the opium and stimulant addicts showed signs of higher explicit/ implicit memory bias even though stimulant addicts showed greater memory bias than the opium addicts (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Emphasis on cognitive processes including memory bias among drug addicts, is one of the solutions to consider in prevention and clinical treatment interventions.

Cognitive theories suggest that information processing biases play a central role in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of explicit and implicit memory biases for emotional information in subclinically depressed (N=20) and normal controls (N=20) individuals. Participants were students at the University of Arak and were selected according to their scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, 1978) and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg and Hiller, 1979). Four types of word (depression related, social threat related, positive and neutral words) were used in the explicit and implicit memory tasks. Explicit memory was assessed with a free recall and implicit memory with a word- stem completion task. Results of Repeated Measure Analysis of Variance showed that the depressed group showed a mood congruent memory bias at free recall. The results of this study failed to show the existence of a mood congruent memory bias for implicit memory in depressed individuals. The theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.

The purpose of the present study was to test the claims of cognitive theories of emotional disorders about explicit memory bias in patients suffering from GAD, MDD comparing with normal controls in terms of DSM-W criteria. The 3 groups were matched according to gender, age and education. To measure explicit memory bias regarding negative emotional information, a task of computerized recognition memory was used using 3 sets of word stimuli (i.e. threatening, sadness and neutral). The results using Signal Detection Theory (SDT) revealed that the depressed patients, compared with the 2 others groups, show a recognition memory bias towards sadness stimuli. However, Anxious patients did not show any recognition memory bias towards threatening stimuli. The finding of the present study was in line of Williams, Watts, MacLeod and Mathews' (1997) theory in which depressed patients, but not anxious patients, show an explicit memory bias towards mood-congruent materials. In the article, the results were discussed with regards to the literature and possivle implications for treatments.

Objective: The purpose of the present research was to perform a developmental study on implicit and explicit memory in children. The paper inquires into the changes in explicit and implicit memory using everyday tasks in accordance with children's development. Method: 120 third, fourth and fifth grade elementary schoolchildren were selected using multi stage sampling. The instruments for the study were high frequency words. The number of words was 32. Recognition and word stem completion were conducted for explicit and implicit memories respectively. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance and post hoc tests with a 99% confidence level. Results: Schoolchildren of different educational levels showed an improvement in function in both explicit and implicit memories. Conclusion: The most important conclusion of the present study is that implicit memory develops along with the development of explicit memory in the course of time.

Objective: Stuttering is one of the most common speech disorders. However, its etiology is poorly understood, and is likely to be heterogeneous. Impairment of cognitive functions such as emotional memory and attention is one of the important factors. The aim of this research is to compare explicit and implicit memory between stutterers and normal individuals and also comparison of anxiety and depression between 2 groups. Materials & Methods: This is a case-control and analytical research. The participated individuals in this research were 30 male and female stutterers and the same number as the matched control group. The control group was matched for gender, age, education and bilingualism. The cue recall task performed to investigate explicit memory and the word stem completing task for implicit memory. The anxiety and depression of the individuals were measured by using general Hygiene Questionnaire (GHQ28) in this study. The performance of the individuals was measured based on positive and negative words in explicit and implicit memory and was compared with anxiety and depression score they obtained. Data was analyzed by using independent T-test, paired T-test, U-Man Witney and Willkaxon test. Results: The data indicated that stutterers recognized less emotionally positive words in explicit memory as compared with nonstutterers. Also, stutterers recognized more emotionally negative words as compared with emotionally positive words in explicit and implicit memory tasks (P<0/05). Additionally, stutterers showed more anxiety and depression as compared to nonstutterers. This difference was significant except for depression (P<0/001 & P>0.05). Conclusion: Taking into consideration the role of cognitive functions including emotional memory in motor speech programming and the difference in the function of positive versus negative emotional memories between stutterers and nonstutterers in this research, the role of emotional memory can be considered as an important factor in stutterers.